Primary energy supply plays a pivotal role in assessing and understanding a country's energy landscape and its dependency on energy resources. This metric is calculated by summing up energy production and energy imports while subtracting energy exports and international bunkers. Additionally, it takes into account stock changes, reflecting fluctuations in energy inventories. To ensure consistency and comparability among different energy sources, the International Energy Agency (IEA) adopts a standardized unit of account called "tonne of oil equivalent" (toe). One toe is defined as 107 kilocalories(41.868 gigajoules of energy content). The concept of gross and net calorific value is essential in calculating primary energy supply for different fuels. The gross calorific value represents the total energy content of the fuel, including the latent heat of vaporization of water produced during combustion. The net calorific value, on the other hand, accounts for the latent heat of vaporization, which is subtracted from the gross calorific value. For coal and oil, the net calorific value is approximately 5% less than the gross, while for most forms of natural and manufactured gas, the difference is around 9-10%. The IEA employs the physical energy content method to calculate energy balances and determine the primary energy equivalent in tonnes of oil equivalent. This approach ensures that the energy content of various fuels is accurately reflected, enabling meaningful comparisons between different energy sources. Furthermore, expressing primary energy supply in toe per 1,000 USD offers insights into the energy intensity of an economy. A lower value suggests that the country is using energy more efficiently to produce its goods and services, indicating a higher level of energy productivity. Conversely, a higher value indicates higher energy consumption relative to economic output, highlighting potential areas for improving energy efficiency and resource management.

Crude oil import prices come from the IEA's Crude Oil Import Register and are influenced not only by traditional movements of supply and demand, but also by other factors such as geopolitics. Information is collected from national agencies according to the type of crude oil, by geographic origin and by quality of crude. Average prices are obtained by dividing value by volume as recorded by customs administrations for each tariff position. Values are recorded at the time of import and include cost, insurance and freight, but exclude import duties. The nominal crude oil spot price from 2003 to 2011 is for Dubai and from 1970 to 2002 for Arabian Light. This indicator is measured in USD per barrel of oil. The real price was calculated using the deflator for GDP at market prices and rebased with reference year 1970 = 100. The fluctuations in crude oil import prices have far-reaching implications for global economies and societies. As one of the most traded commodities worldwide, crude oil's price movements can significantly impact inflation rates, trade balances, energy costs for consumers and industries, and overall economic growth. Geopolitical events, such as conflicts in oil-producing regions, supply disruptions, and political decisions by major oil-producing countries, often trigger price fluctuations and volatility in the crude oil market. The interplay between geopolitical factors and traditional supply-demand dynamics underscores the complexity of the oil market and its sensitivity to external shocks.

Renewable energy is defined as the contribution of renewables to total primary energy supply (TPES). Renewables include the primary energy equivalent of hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave sources. Energy derived from solid biofuels, biogasoline, biodiesels, other liquid biofuels, biogases and the renewable fraction of municipal waste are also included. Biofuels are defined as fuels derived directly or indirectly from biomass (material obtained from living or recently living organisms). This includes wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/wastes and sulphite lyes. Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by the residential, commercial and public service sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. This indicator is measured in thousand toe (tonne of oil equivalent) as well as in percentage of total primary energy supply.

This dataset contains stock market data for prominent energy companies operating within the Refinery and Distribution, namely MPC, PSX and VLO. It encompasses 5 years of trading data, including daily opening and closing prices, the highest and lowest prices recorded during the day, and the trading volume for each respective day. This dataset, which provides the stock performance analysis of major companies in the Refinery and Distribution sector such as MPC, PSX, and VLO, holds significant value for investors, analysts, and researchers. Due to its inclusion of daily stock price changes, this dataset is a crucial tool for those evaluating both short-term and long-term investment strategies for these companies. Analysts interested in assessing the performance of leading companies in the Refinery and Distribution sector, including MPC, PSX, and VLO, can actively utilize this comprehensive dataset. Encompassing data on the differences between opening and closing prices, highest and lowest values, trading volume, and other technical analysis tools, this dataset provides essential information for understanding sector trends and making company comparisons. Investors and financial experts seeking to examine and evaluate the stock performance of MPC, PSX, and VLO in the Refinery and Distribution sector will greatly benefit from this valuable dataset. Through this data, investors can make more informed decisions, reduce risks, and discover potential opportunities. This comprehensive dataset serves as a reliable and detailed guide for future investment strategies, offering essential insights into the stock performance of these significant companies.