Primary energy supply plays a pivotal role in assessing and understanding a country's energy landscape and its dependency on energy resources. This metric is calculated by summing up energy production and energy imports while subtracting energy exports and international bunkers. Additionally, it takes into account stock changes, reflecting fluctuations in energy inventories. To ensure consistency and comparability among different energy sources, the International Energy Agency (IEA) adopts a standardized unit of account called "tonne of oil equivalent" (toe). One toe is defined as 107 kilocalories(41.868 gigajoules of energy content). The concept of gross and net calorific value is essential in calculating primary energy supply for different fuels. The gross calorific value represents the total energy content of the fuel, including the latent heat of vaporization of water produced during combustion. The net calorific value, on the other hand, accounts for the latent heat of vaporization, which is subtracted from the gross calorific value. For coal and oil, the net calorific value is approximately 5% less than the gross, while for most forms of natural and manufactured gas, the difference is around 9-10%. The IEA employs the physical energy content method to calculate energy balances and determine the primary energy equivalent in tonnes of oil equivalent. This approach ensures that the energy content of various fuels is accurately reflected, enabling meaningful comparisons between different energy sources. Furthermore, expressing primary energy supply in toe per 1,000 USD offers insights into the energy intensity of an economy. A lower value suggests that the country is using energy more efficiently to produce its goods and services, indicating a higher level of energy productivity. Conversely, a higher value indicates higher energy consumption relative to economic output, highlighting potential areas for improving energy efficiency and resource management.

Electricity generation is a fundamental aspect of modern societies, serving as a vital source of power for various sectors, including residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation. This essential process involves the conversion of various energy sources into electrical energy, enabling the efficient distribution and utilization of power across diverse applications. The diversity of energy sources used for electricity generation is vast, reflecting the ongoing efforts to balance energy security, environmental sustainability, and economic considerations. Fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil, have long been significant contributors to electricity generation due to their abundance and accessibility. Nuclear power plants, harnessing nuclear reactions to produce heat and generate electricity, provide a steady and low-carbon energy supply. Electricity generation encompasses various types of power plants, including electricity-only plants and combined heat and power plants. Electricity-only plants focus solely on electricity production, optimizing efficiency and output for electricity supply. Both main activity producer plants and autoproducer plants are integral components of the electricity generation landscape. Main activity producers are entities that generate electricity primarily for sale to third parties, serving as the core activity of their operations. These producers play a critical role in meeting the electricity demand of the broader market and are often major players in the energy sector. Measuring electricity generation involves the use of standard units, such as gigawatt hours (GWh), which quantify the total electrical energy produced over a specific time frame. This metric provides a clear indication of the scale and magnitude of electricity generation, enabling comparisons across different regions and time periods.

Renewable energy is defined as the contribution of renewables to total primary energy supply (TPES). Renewables include the primary energy equivalent of hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave sources. Energy derived from solid biofuels, biogasoline, biodiesels, other liquid biofuels, biogases and the renewable fraction of municipal waste are also included. Biofuels are defined as fuels derived directly or indirectly from biomass (material obtained from living or recently living organisms). This includes wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for energy production), ethanol, animal materials/wastes and sulphite lyes. Municipal waste comprises wastes produced by the residential, commercial and public service sectors that are collected by local authorities for disposal in a central location for the production of heat and/or power. This indicator is measured in thousand toe (tonne of oil equivalent) as well as in percentage of total primary energy supply.

This dataset contains stock market data for prominent energy companies operating within the Refinery and Distribution, namely MPC, PSX and VLO. It encompasses 5 years of trading data, including daily opening and closing prices, the highest and lowest prices recorded during the day, and the trading volume for each respective day. This dataset, which provides the stock performance analysis of major companies in the Refinery and Distribution sector such as MPC, PSX, and VLO, holds significant value for investors, analysts, and researchers. Due to its inclusion of daily stock price changes, this dataset is a crucial tool for those evaluating both short-term and long-term investment strategies for these companies. Analysts interested in assessing the performance of leading companies in the Refinery and Distribution sector, including MPC, PSX, and VLO, can actively utilize this comprehensive dataset. Encompassing data on the differences between opening and closing prices, highest and lowest values, trading volume, and other technical analysis tools, this dataset provides essential information for understanding sector trends and making company comparisons. Investors and financial experts seeking to examine and evaluate the stock performance of MPC, PSX, and VLO in the Refinery and Distribution sector will greatly benefit from this valuable dataset. Through this data, investors can make more informed decisions, reduce risks, and discover potential opportunities. This comprehensive dataset serves as a reliable and detailed guide for future investment strategies, offering essential insights into the stock performance of these significant companies.